Everything about Before Present totally explained
Before Present (BP) years are a time scale used in
archaeology,
geology, and other
scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use
1950-01-01 as the arbitrary origin of the age scale. "BP" may also be considered to be an abbreviation of
Before Physics. For example, 1500 BP means 1500 years before 1950, that is, in the year 450.
Radiocarbon dating
Beginning in 1954,
metrologists established 1950 as the origin year for the BP scale for use with
radiocarbon dating using a 1950-based reference sample of
oxalic acid:
The problem was tackled by the international radiocarbon community in the late 1950s, in cooperation with the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. A large quantity of contemporary oxalic acid dihydrate was prepared as NBS Standard Reference Material (SRM) 4990B. Its 14C concentration was about 5% above what was believed to be the natural level, so the standard for radiocarbon dating was defined as 0.95 times the 14C concentration of this material, adjusted to a 13C reference value of –19 per mil (PDB). This value is defined as “modern carbon” referenced to AD 1950. Radiocarbon measurements are compared to this modern carbon value, and expressed as “fraction of modern” (fM); and “radiocarbon ages” are calculated from fM using the exponential decay relation and the “Libby half-life” 5568 a. The ages are expressed in years before present (BP) where “present” is defined as AD 1950.
The year 1950 was chosen because it's the year in which
calibration curves for radiocarbon dating were established, and also to honor the publication of the first radiocarbon dates in December
1949. The year 1950 is also convenient because it predates large scale atmospheric testing of
nuclear weapons, which altered the global ratio of
carbon-14 to
carbon-12.
The BP scale is now in common use for dates established by means other than radiocarbon dating. The practice of anchoring "the present" at 1950 is generally followed, although times in the distant past (for example, 500 ka BP) typically have uncertainties high enough that the difference between 1950 and the actual present year is insignificant.
Radiocarbon calibration
Dates determined using radiocarbon dating come in two kinds:
uncalibrated (also called
Libby or
raw) and
calibrated (also called
Cambridge dates). Uncalibrated radiocarbon dates may be expressed using BP years; however, they're not identical to calendar dates. This has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon (
carbon-14 or
14C) hasn't been strictly constant during the span of time that can be radiocarbon-dated. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by means of
calibration curves based on comparison of raw radiocarbon dates of samples independently dated by other methods, such as
dendrochronology (dating on basis of tree growth-rings) and
stratigraphy (dating on the basis of sediment layers in mud or sedimentary rock). Such calibrated dates are expressed as cal BP, where "cal" indicates "calendar years" or "calibrated years".
Further Information
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